CCC - Course on Computer Concept - Fundamental of Computer (CHAPTER-1)
CCC (Course on Computer Concept)
- Fundamental of Computer
- Windows OS
- MS-Office
MS-Word
MS-Excel
MS-Power Point
- Internet
- Communication
- Network
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER:
• Introduction
• What is Computer?
• Characteristics of Computer
• Work of Computer
• Parts of Computer
• History of Computer
• Generation of Computer
• Types of Computer
• Classification of Computer
• Memory
• Software & Hardware
• What is virus?
• Types of viruses
INTRODUCTION:
Computer is an electronic device designed to accept and store data, manipulate them, and produce output / result under the direction of detailed step – by – step started program of introduction it has many characteristics which enable a man to add to his mental power. We say that the mechanical has added muscle power to a man and to computer has aided the brain power to a man.
OBJECTIVE:
- The reader will be able to understand the following:
- What is a Computer?
- History of Computers
- Basic components of the Computer System
- Concept of Hardware and Software
- Concept of Data Processing
- Applications of Information, Electronic and Communication Technology (IECT)
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
Computer is on electronic machine, which take input and gives output. Computer name came from the “Latin Word” compute, which means to calculate.
COMPUTER:
C à Calculate
O à Operate
M à Memory
P à Print
U à Update
T à Tabulate
E à Edit
R à Response
THE TWO BASIC OF COMPUTER:
Analog
Digital
ANALOG COMPUTER:
Analog computers handle or process information which of a physical nature, as for example, temperature, pressure etc. These are based on the measuring of analog or equivalent physical value.
DIGITAL COMPUTERS:
Digital computers process information which is essentially in a binary or two-state form, namely zero and one. When talking about computers, we mostly refer to the digital type of electronic machines.
Digital computers fall into ranges called microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes and supercomputers, classified in ascending orders, of size- small medium, large and very large.
HANDHELD OR MOBILE COMPUTING DEVICES:
The following are some mobile devices:
A) Laptops and Notebooks
B) PDAs(Personal Digital Assistants)
C) Tablet PC
Handheld computers:
Handheld computers, also called personal digital assistants (PDAs), are battery-powered computers small enough to carry almost anywhere. Although not as powerful as desktops or laptops, handheld computers are useful for scheduling appointments, storing addresses and phone numbers, and playing games. Some have more advanced capabilities, such as making telephone calls or accessing the Internet. Instead of keyboards, handheld computers have touch screens that you use with your finger or a stylus (a pen-shaped pointing tool).
Laptops and notebooks:
Laptops are lightweight mobile PCs with a thin screen. Laptops can operate on batteries, so you can take them anywhere. Unlike desktops, laptops combine the CPU, screen, and keyboard in a single case. The screen folds down onto the keyboard when not in use.
Tablet PCs:
Tablet PCs are mobile PCs that combine features of laptops and handheld computers. Like laptops, they're powerful and have a built-in screen. Like handheld computers, they allow you to write notes or draw pictures on the screen, usually with a tablet pen instead of a stylus. They can also convert your handwriting into typed text. Some Tablet PCs are “convertibles” with a screen that swivels and unfolds to reveal a keyboard underneath.
Smart phones:
Smart phones are mobile phones that have some of the same capabilities as a computer. You can use a Smart phone to make telephone calls, access the Internet, organize contact information, send e‑mail and text messages, play games, and
take pictures. Smart phone’s usually had a keyboard and a large screen.
TYPES OF COMPUTER:
- Super Computer
- Mainframe Computer
- Mini Computer
- Micro Computer
SUPER COMPUTER:
The most powerful types of computer is the supper computer. These machine are special, high capacity computer used by very large organization E.g. N.A.S.A. use supper computers to track and control space exploration.
MAINFRAME COMPUTER:
These large computers occupy special. Wired, air-conditioned rooms. Although not nearly as Powerful as supper computer, mainframe computer are capable to great processing speed and data 5 storage E.H insurance companies uses mainframe to processing information about millions of policy holders
MINI COMPUTER:
Also known as midrange computers medium sized complains or departments of large complains typically use them for 5 Specific purpose E.g. Production department use mini computer to monitor creation manufacturing process and assembly lines operations.
MICRO COMPUTER:
Although the least Powerful micro computer the most widely used and faster growing type of computer Apply recently introduced their imac computers categories of micro computer include; desktop, notebook and personal digital assistants.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: Since early history of mankind people lived on the earth without a need of keeping records of any kind. However development in trades and commercial made it necessary to keep records of some kind or other. Initially people used their fingers for counting. But soon the numbers of fingers was found to be a limiting factor and the people started looking for counting necessary is the mother of invention and thus began the search of computing devices and thus began the search of computing devices and it continued through man generation of making.
Charles Babbage an English mathematical who conceived the idea of automatic digital computer in 1812- Lather the made a small calculator to perform certain math metical computation the eight decimals during 1830 he developed plans for so called “analytical engine”. This engine develop open the ideas on memory printer, punched cards and sequentional Program control. Thus the basic concept used in today’s general purpose computer was introduced over 180 years age by Charles Babbage
English mathematical lady Ada Augusta Lovelace become interested in Babbage's Analytical machine in 1833 and got associated with him. She is called program for the Analytical machine. She is called the first computer “Programmer” of the world.
Generation of Computer:
First Generation: In this generation there used vacuum tube in computer.
Second Generation: In this generation there used transistor in computer.
Third Generation: In this generation there used I.C. (Integrated Circuit)
Forth Generation: in this generation there used Floppy Disc, Hard Disk, Magnetic Disc.
FIFTH Generation: fifth generation is development stage.
1) Speed
2) Storage
3)Accuracy
4) Versatility
5) Automation
6) Diligence
BASIC APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER:
A computer is a general purpose tool, which can do a variety of jobs. You can use a computer for different application by changing various kinds of software packages.
Scientific research
Business application
Entertainment
Communication
Medicine
Engineering ( Computer Aided Design)
Book Publishing (Desk Top Publishing)
In Banks
Games
Education
Personal
Accounting
PARTS OF COMPUTER:
Following are the Parts of Computer:-
Monitor
C.P.U (Central Processing Unit)
Keyboard
Mouse
VDU (Visual Display Unit)MONITOR:
Monitor is main parts of computer. This is an output unit. A VDU or a monitor is very similar to a television and its size (as in the case of TV) is measured in diagonal length of the screen. Monitors are available in 9”, 12”, 14”, 15”, 17”, and 19” and even in 21” size. It shows text or picture in color or black and white, depending on the type. Colour monitors are more costly than black and white monitors.
Whatever you type on the keyboard, you can see it on the Monitor. TFT-LCD (thin film transistor liquid crystal display) is a variant of liquid crystal display (LCD) which use thin film transistor (TFT) technology to improve image quality. TFT-LCD is one type of active matrix LCD. It is used in televisions, flat panel displays, projectors, etc.
KEYBOARD:
Keyboard also part of computer. Keyboard has 108,104,101,100 or 84 keys. We operate the computer and we can type the data form. This keyboard is input device. Keyboard have 12 function keys and enter, escape, shift, caps lock, tab arrow, insert,delete,end, home function, page up / down, space bar, numeric alt,ctrl,print screen.
MOUSE:
A mouse is a pointing device. It is held in one hand and moved across a flat surface. The mouse can also be used to draw sketches, diagrams etc. On the monitor screen. It is also moved on the graphic tablet for drawing work. The mouse is also used to edit text. For editing a text on the screen, the cursor can be quickly placed close to the desired point of the screen by moving the mouse. One type of mouse uses a rolling ball; others use optical sensing techniques. They are linked to the PC by using a cable or by using infrared light. A typical mouse has two or three buttons. What the mouse buttons do depend on the application program running in your PC.In some systems it is also possible to specify independent functions to the buttons.
CPU [Central Processing Unit):
The C.P.U is called the computer system. It is also referred to as microprocessor the control unit or the controller. The CPU is mounted on board or boards inside the main unit. The CPU is mounted on board or boards inside the main unit. The CPU is formed of 2 Unit. Arithmetical & Logical unit and control Unit.
CPU Block Diagram:
ARTHMETIC LOGIC UNIT:
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) of a computer system is the place where the actual execution of instructions takes place to be more precise, all calculations are performed and all comparisons (decisions) are made in the ALU.
Data may move from primary memory to ALU and back again to memory many times during the processing operation. After completion of processing, the final results which are stored in memory unit or RAMs are sent to an output device such as monitor or printer.
All ALU are designed to perform the four basic arithmetic operations add, subtract, multiply, divide and logic operations such as less than, equal to, or greater than.
CONTROL UNIT (CU):
This unit is responsible for controlling the entire working of the computer. The timing and control signals are generated by this unit and sent to other units for execution of the program for proper control. It also controls the transfer of data between memory and input /output devices.
WORK OF COMPUTER:
• Input
• Storage
• Processing
• Outputting
• Controlling
PRINCIPAL OF COMPUTER:
• INPUT à PROCESS à OUTPUT
• Keyboard CPU Monitor
• Mouse (Central Printer
• Lighten Processing
• Scanner Unit)
INPUT DEVICES:
From which we give order or information to computer that devices are called as input devices input devices to enter data, information and instruction into the computer E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner,Joystics are input devices
OTHER INPUT DEVICES:
• Voice Input and Recognition System
• Optical Mark Reader
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
• Web Camera
• Video Camera
VOICE INPUT AND RECOGNITION SYSTEM:
Voice input and recognition system is an input device, consisting of a microphone or telephone that converts human speech into electrical signals. A signal pattern obtained in this manner is sent to the computer where it is matched against pre-stored patterns to identify the input.
OMR (Optical Mark Reader):
Optical Mark Readers are special scanners used for recognizing a pre-specified type of mark made by pencil or pen. For example, in the objective test paper of competitive examinatations, you mark your answers on a special sheet by darkening a small square, using a pen or pencil.
BAR-CODE READER:
Bar-code readers are special devices used to read bar coded data. Bar code is a specialized code used for fast identification of items. It consists of a series of small lines, known as bars.
MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition):
MICR detects the special encoded characters on bank cheques and deposit slips. After detecting the encoded characters, the MICR converts them into digital data for the computer.
WEB CAMERA:
A web camera allows a computer to accept input just by focusing on an object. The camera is focused on the input object to take a picture of the object. Picture so taken can be transferred over network to a distant place.
VIDEO CAMERA:
A video camera is a camera that takes continuous pictures and generates a signal for display on a monitor or for permanent recording. Signals generated
PROCESSING:
When user gives an input to computer the CPU makes process on that input and then user gets result. This work of C.P.U is called processing the CPU Processes date / information according to programmed instruction/ queries. E.g. Central Processing unit.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Output devices to communicate information to the out side world. E.g. Printer and Monitor are output devices
OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES:
Output devices are those devices of computer system that supplies information or results either in the form of hardcopy (printer) or softcopy (monitor).
• A) Printer
• B) Plotters
• C) Multimedia Projector
• D) Speech Synthesizer
MULTIMEDIA PROJECTOR:
Multimedia Projector is an output device connected to a PC and use to project information from a computer on to large screen (a cloth screen or wall) .The information is thus viewed by a large number of people. It is widely used for giving presentation.Audio, Video, image and animation can be prepared on a PC and using a multimedia projector the presentation can be made more lively and interesting.
SPEECH SYNTHESIZER:
Speech Synthesizer is an output device that converts textual data into spoken sentences. To produce the speech, basic sound units called phonemes are combined. The sequence of words in a text are combined into phonemes, amplified and outputted through a speaker attached to a computer. Also a dumb person can type the information he wants to convey and the Speech Synthesizer will convert it into spoken words.
MEMORY:
As we have seen earlier, we use the computer to process data. The computer produces output after processing the entered data according to the instruction given (centered). Processing is done in the CPU. But as we know, it can excite only single instructions at a time. Obviously, there must be some place to store the data instructions entered. Which are not currently used in the processing. Some place is also needed to store to information intermediate results during the process.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MEMORY:
• Primary memory (Main memory)
• Secondary memory
PARTS OF MAIN MEMORY:
• Read only memory (Rom)
• Random Access Memory (Ram)
READ ONLY MEMORY:
This memory unit contains instructions that need to be executed every time a computer is operated. The users can not change this instruction. The contains of this type of memory are not destroyed even when the electricity switched off.
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY):
• PROM
• EPROM
• EEPROM
RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY):
Random Access Memory (RAM):- Random Access Memory is also called the primary memory. It stores program and data. The capacity of Ram is measured in kilobytes or Megabytes as mentioned earlier.
MEMORY CAPACITY IS MEASURED:
• Memory capacity is measured in kilobytes or megabytes.
• 1 Byte = 8 Bit
• 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
• 1 MB = 1024 KB
• 1 GB = 1024 MB
• 1 TB = 1024 GB
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES:
In order to process the data, both the data and the instructions must first be entered or loaded CPU. The Most commonly used secondary storage devices are: Magnetic Tape and cassettes, Magnetic Disks: Floppy Disks, Hard Disks, Optical Disk.
MAGNETIC TAPE/ CASETTES:
Magnetic taps come in real and magnetic cassettes are similar to audiocassettes. Data is recorded onto a magnetic tape in the form of magnetic sport. The computer generally is one of the two ways to represent data internally. This is EBCDIC code and ASCII codes. In EBCDIC code 9 bits are used to represent a character while in ASCII 7 bits are used.
MAGNETIC DISKS:
All types of magnetic disks accommodate direct access files, i.e. the desired record can be obtained directly without searching sequentially from the beginning of the file.
FLOPPY DISK:
Floppy disks, often called diskettes or simply disks, are portable or removable storage media. They are used to store and to transport word processing, spreadsheet and other types of files. The most widely use floppy disk is the 1.44 MB. This disk is typically labeled 2HD, which means “two-sided, high-density.” This disk can store 1.44 magnates – the equivalent of 400 typewritten pages. These disks also have a write-protect notch.
CAPACITIES OF FLOPPY DISKS:
Description | Capacity |
2HD Floppy Disk | 1.44 MB |
Zip Disk | 100 MB -200 MB |
Super Disk | 120 MB |
HIFd | 200 MB |
HARD DISK:
• A hard disk is also referred to as
• Disk. The hard disk is storage device that is more versatile than floppy disks. Typically it has a storage capacity ranging from 20MB to 100s if MBs. Available on Market 40, 80, 120, 160, 320, 500, 1,2etc.
• There are two types of hard disk, Sate & pate
OPTICAL DISKS: This is rotating storage device, which uses laser technology to write information on the disk and to read information from the disk. A CD-ROM is an optical disk, which already has information, recorded on it by the manufacturer and it is only possible to read information from it.
PRINTERS:
Printer are used to obtain the hard copy (print out) at a program data or output result. All printers can print letters digits and special symbols in black ink same also of well. Dot-matrix printers, Letter quality printer, lesser printer and color printer, are same of the printer type available in market.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF PRINTER:
• Impact Printer
• Non Impact Printer
IMPACT PRINTER:
• Drum Printer
• Chain Printer
• Line Printer
NON IMPACT PRINTER:
• Ink-Jet Printer
• Thermal Printer
• Laser Printer
INK-JET PRINTER:
An inkjet printer sprays small droplets of ink-jet at high speed an to the surface of the paper, ink-jet printers are the most widely used printer. They are reliable, quiet and inexpensive Ink-jet printer are used wherever color and important as in advertising and public relations'.
LASER PRINTER:
Laser Printer is refried to a page printer because they appear to print page at a time.
THERMAL PRINTER:
A thermal printer uses heat elements to produce image on heat sensitive paper originally these printer’s were used in scientific labs to record data
DOT MATRICS PRINTER:
The Dot Matrices printer uses number of small pins to construct each character from the row and column of dots.
PLOTTERS:
The use of printer is generally limited to obtaining output of printed textual material plotters are special purpose out put device for producing bar charts, maps architectural drawing one even three dimensional illustrations. There are four types of Platters. Light Pen, Ink Jet electrostatic, and direct imaging.
SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE INTRODUCTION:
A computer is a machine with a lot of memory and high processing speed. To make use of these computer capabilities, we must provide it the necessary data and a set of instructions regarding how to process that data.
SOFTWARE PROGRAM:
A Program is set of per size instructions given to the computer
KINDS OF SOFTWARE:
There are two types of software application software and system software.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
• Application software can be porches as a package program.
• 1) prewritten software:- some of the popular packages are micro software WordStar, word perfect, shabdarthna, multiword, word lard,ventura,page maker, Dbase, Fax base
CUSTOM BUILD SOFTWARE:
These days’ people preferred readymade packages to develop necessary software themselves. This is because the user can solve his problem quicker by using readymade packages
than by his own software. If the situation demands a little bit of change in the packages, it is not possible, as the source code is not provided with the package. If the user has developed the software himself, it is always possible for him to make any necessary changes, as the source code is available with him.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
Operating system is an example of system software found in all computer installations. It is a collection of programs that supervises controls and manages the overall operations of the computer. It also helps in using computer’s resources effectively. A computer without an operating system is motionless.
MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEM:
With this operating system more than one user can work on the computer simultaneously. Xenix, Vms, UNIX, are the examples of mult-user operating system. In this case a number of terminals are attached to the main computer and they are controlled by the operating system
SINGLE USER OPERATING SYSTEM:
With this operating system, a single user can use the computer system at a time. Dos and CP/M are the examples of single user operating system. IBM compatible microcomputers most often use DOS.
VIRUS
WHAT IS COMPUTER VIRUS?
A computer virus is a program (mostly written in Assembly Language) with the ability to reproduce itself the virus program lies hidden and attacks surprisingly to a hosts. A virus acts sophisticated virus can spread undetected for a long time. A virus acts according to instructions written in the program. A virus can not do anything that was not written into its program virus is a weapon for those DIR II stone, Die-hard, Dark Avenger etc
CHARACTIRISTICS OF A VIRUS:
They are hidden so as avoid detection and destruction. Viruses show peculiar messages and symptoms. Based on these the viruses are named and identifies.
Some of the viruses are self-replicating so as to in ensure continued and contagious infection of Computer resources. Each virus has a peculiar way of replication and mode of activation.
Viruses interfere with normal computer operation in a number of different ways. They may destroy data show down the system, or alter text that appears on the screen. The amount of destruction carried out by viruses. Some viruses are harmless.
Most viruses check to see whether a program has already been infested and avoid reunification
Some virus gate activated on a specific time.
TYPES OF VIRUSES:
The viruses cab be divided in to three broad categories according to the way they function.
BOOT INFECTOR VIRUSES:
These viruses reside in the boot sector of the floppy or hard disk. They may also reside in the partition table of the hard disk. They tend to create bad sectors on disk. Stone virus is the example of Boot virus.
FILE INFECTOR VIRUSES: These viruses get themselves attached at the beginning or the end of the executable file. When the file containing this virus is executed, the virus gets loaded into the RAM and resides there. Dark Avenger are examples of these types of viruses.
SYSTEM INFECTOR VIRUSES:
These viruses enter the system through devices driver files. These viruses get attached to various parts of the operating system files IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS and COMMAND.COM. They particularly attack the input/output code of the operating system. These viruses may remain in memory and carry out their dirty work and then self-destruct.
CONCEPT OF DATA PROCESSING:
Data is a collection of facts that are to be organized and manipulated to become useful information. A collection of sales order, class attendance cards are a few examples. But, processing is defined as a series of actions or operations that converts data into information. Data processing comprises of the following steps.
A) Capturing data
B) Storing data
C) Updating and retrieving data and other useful information.
BASIC TASKS IN BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING:
Business data processing is the manipulation of raw facts using electronic machines. The main purpose of electronic data processing (EDP) is to do complex jobs of processing at incredible speed.
Since electronic machines are accurate and fast in operations as well as cheaper in price, one may prefer them over manual methods.
A) Input cycle
B) Processing cycle
C) Output cycle
APPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION ELECTRONICS, AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (IECT):
E –GOVERNANCE:
E-Governance is the application of modern information and Communication Technologies such as Internet, Local area networks, mobiles etc. by Government to improve the effectiveness, effeciency, service delivery and to promote democracy.
Why e- Governance?
E-Governance can transform citizen service, provide access to information to explorer citizens, enable their participation in government and enhance citizen economic and social opportunities, so that they can make better lives, for themselves and for the next generation.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN E-GOVERNMENT AND E-GOVERNANCE:
While E-Government has traditionally been understood as being centered around the operations of government whereas-Governance is understood to extend the scope by including citizen engagement and participation in governance
ACTIVITIES OF E-GOVERNMENT USING E-GOVERNANCE:
The primary delivery models of e-Government can be divided into:
A) Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-Consumer (G2C)
B) Government-to-Business (G2B)
C) Government-to-Government (G2G)
D) Government-to-Employees (G2E)
Within each of these interaction domains, four kinds of activities take place.
A) Pushing information over the Internet, e.g., regulatory services, general holidays, public hearing schedules, issue briefs, notification, etc.
B) Two-way communication between the agency and the citizen, business, or another government agency. In this model, users can engage in dialogue with agencies and post problems, comments, or requests to the agency.
C) Conducting transactions, e.g., lodging tax returns, applying for services and grants.
D) Governance, e.g., online polling, voting, and campaigning.
RISKS AND BENEFITS OF E-GOVERNENCE:
• Risks
• Hyper-Surveillance
• Cost
• Inaccessibility
• Benefits
• Democratization
• Environmental Bonuses
• Speed, efficiency, and convenience
• Public approval
MULTIMEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT:
Multimedia and Entertainment are almost interlinked terms in today’s increasingly evolving and technological world. Multimedia and Entertainment is one of the happening things in that come along with a computer is almost an absolutely necessary feature of processing one’s PC. It is quite unthinkable to process a Personal Computer that does not have any kind of Multimedia and Entertainment related to it.
MULTIMEDIA:
Media's something, which can be used for presentation of information. There are two basic ways to present information.
Unimedia Presentation
Multimedia Presentation
In unimpeded presentation a single media is used to present information. For example, a stereo system is a unimedia device because it presents information by using only sound media.
ADVANTAGE OF MULTIMEDIA:
The use of multimedia offers many advantages.
1) Enhancement of text only messages: Multimedia enhances text only presentations by adding interesting sounds and compelling visuals
2) Improves over Traditional Audio-Video Presentations: Audiences are more attentive to multimedia messages than traditional presentations done with slides or overhead transparencies.
3) Gains and Holds attestation: People are more interested in multimedia messages which combine the elements of text, audio, graphics and video because it offers greeted understanding and retention of information.
4) Good for Computer – Phonics’: Those who are intimidated by computer keyboards and complex instructions are more comfortable with pressing buttons with a mouse or a screen.
5) Multimedia is entertaining as well as educational.
MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS:
• Multimedia presentation is a digital show whose contents are expressed through various media type like text, image graphic, audio, video and animation.
• Some characteristics of multimedia presentation are:
• Use of multiple media
• Non-liner
• Interactive
• Integrity
• Digital representation.
• Entertainment
• Electronic Encyclopedia
• Entertainment Software
ENTERTINMENT SOFTWARE:
• 1) Video Games
• 2) Interactive television
CONCEPT OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE:
HARDWARE:-
The physical components of a computer are called hardware. Such items may be electronic, electrical, magnetic, mechanical or optical components. Examples of components are microprocessors, Ics, hard disks, floppy disks, Optical disks, monitors, keyboard, printer, plotter, etc.
SOFTWARE:
It is the set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation related to the effective operation of a computer system.
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