CCC - Course on Computer Concept - Introduction to GUI Based Operating system (CHAPTER-2)
CHAPTER-2
Introduction to GUI Based Operating system
• Introduction
• Objective
• Basic of operating system
• Operating system
• Basic Popular operating system
• (LINUX, WINDOWS)
• The User Interface
• Task Bar
• Icon
• Start Menu
• Running an Application
• Operating System Simple Setting
• Changing System Date & Time
• Changing Display Properties
• To add or remove a windows component
• Changing mouse properties
• Border and shading
• Summary
• Model question & answer
Introduction:
An operating system is a program that acts as an intermediary between a user and the computer hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner. The operating system must ensure the correct operation of the computer system.
Objective:
The reader will be able to understand the following:
1) Basics of Operating System
2) The user Interface of OS
3) Operating System Settings
4) File and Directory Management
5) Types of files
Basics of operating System:
An Operating system is a set of system software programs in a computer that regulate the ways application software programs use the computer hardware and the ways that users control the computer. For hardware functions such as input/output and memory space allocation operating system programs act as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware.
An operating system performs the following function:
• Processor Management
• Memory Management
• Input/output Management
• File Management
• Scheduling
• Timesharing
• Security Management
• It produces dumps, traces, error, messages, and other debugging and error-detecting codes.
• It maintains internal time clock and log of system usage for all other users.
• It facilitates easy communication between the computer system and the computer operator (human).
THE MAIN FUNCTION OF OPERATATIN SYSTEM:
A) Resource Management (Processor management, Memory management, device management).
B) Process Management (Job scheduling, Task management)
C) Data Management (File management and Input/ Output management).
D) Security management.
CLSASSIFICATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
A) Single User Operating System
B) Multi-user Operating System
C) Single tasking Operating System
D) Multitasking Operating System
SINGLE TASKING OPERATING:
Operating system which can execute only single job/program at a time is known as single tasking operating system.eg. MS-DOS
MULTITASKING OPERATING SYSTEM:
Multitasking operating system supports execution of more than one job at a time .Most of today's operating system such as Windows 2000, OS/2 UNIX, and LINUX etc. Support multitasking.
Windows XP and 7 are the later versions of Windows desktop operating system for the PC.
BASIC OPERATING SYSTEM:
• Windows
• Linux
WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM:
One of today's most common operating system is Microsoft Windows. It is the World’s largest selling Operating System for PCs.
However, Windows to more than an operating system. It provides functions that let you manage many programs simultaneously, customize Pecan do many of the maintenance tasks associated with a PC. It also comes with many accessories, software programs, such as utilities and media player, etc.
LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM:
Overview of LINUX. LINUX is a multi-user, multitasking operating system first developed by Linux Benedict Thorvaldsen in the year 1991. LINUX is a 32-bit operating system. It runs on a wide variety of platforms such as Intel, Sparc, and Alpha etc. It can be considered in every sense as a full-blown implementation of UNIX. Bui it cannot be called as UNIX because UNIX is a registered trademark product owned by AT&T. LINUX is distributed as a free software under a free software license called the GNU General Public License (GPL)
Advantages of Linux over Windows:
• Low cost
• Stability
• Performance
• Network friendliness
• Flexibility
• Compatibility
• Fast and easy installation
• Full use of hard disk
• Multitasking
Disadvantages of Linux over windows:
- Linux has more then three hundred version and all versions can not be installed on a single computer system.
- There are so many distributions of Linux that new users may get confused.
- Some hardware devices and software may not be compatible with a particular version of Linux.
BASIC LINUX ELEMENTS:
1) Kernel
2) Shell
3) File System
LINUX uses forward slash (/) as a separator (Windows or DOS uses backlash (/) as a separator). For example, a subdirectory user will be shown as/ usr/my-dir. The slash (/) before the usr represents the root directory.
• /bin
• /dev
• /etc
• /lib
• /tmp
• /usr
• /kernel
• /mnt
Commands:
A Linux command is a series of characters that you type. These characters consist of words separated by white spaces. The first word is the command itself and the rest are the command’s arguments. The argument provides information that the command may need for its execution. Linux commands are case-sensitive. That is cp is different from and cP.
Example of CLI $ man cp: commands are entered at the shell prompt ($#). Prompt is merely a symbol that appears at the start of a command line. This lets you know that LINUX is ready and waiting for your command.
Device Drivers: Device drivers are software packages that form a major part of the kernel. They control the interaction between the hardware devices and the operating system
Utilities: utilities are software tools included with the LINUX OS that lets you do miscellaneous jobs such as text editing, programming and communications.
File Handling in Linux: each directory or file in Linux is referred to by using its pathname beginning from the root directory. For example, the directory usr is referred to as /usr mini referred to as /usr/mini, where usr is the parent directory of mini directory.
Identifying the current working Directory:
$pwd: the pwd command prints the absolute pathname of your current working directory
$ mkdir: to create a new directory.(/usr/mini)
$ mkdir sales: created a sub directory
$ Mkdir sales/east sales/west sales/North sales/south.
$ cd sales: moving to a different directory
$ rmdir exam: Removing a directory.
Listing the contents of directories (ls):
• $ ls: she will get the following result
• East
• North
• South
• West
Options of the command ls:
• -x get multi columnar output.
• -r list files and sub-directories in reverse order.
• -t list files and sub-directories with time order.
• -a list all files, including the normally hidden files. list all files excluding. And …
• -A list files by node modification time.
• -c list the inode for each file.
• -i Display permissions, owner, size, modification time.
• -l etc. along with file and directory names.
Listing the contents of files (cat):
• $ cat: to display the file content.
• $ cp: to copy the file
• $ rm: to delete the file.
• $ mv: moves the file.
INSTALLATION OF LINUX:
We will be discussing about the installation of popular Red Hat LINUX 7.2 in this section. Before listing the procedures to follow for installing the LINUX operating system, let us see what the hardware and software requirements of LINUX are.
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
- X86 platforms namely 80386, 80486 etc.
- Intel, Sparc, Alpha or AMD processor.
- X386 CPU family or above
- Minimum 128 MB RAM.
- Minimum 2 GB free hard disk space
- Input devices such as keyboard, mouse etc.
- Controller cards such as SCSI,IDE,Firewire etc
- A Network card such as ISA, PCI or USB etc.
- Sound card compatible to LINUX.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
• Software requirements for LINUX installation are listed as follows:
• A Partitioning program such as fdisk or disk druid supplied by Red Hat.
• Linux Software package.
The User Interface:
Windows XP automatically starts when you turn on your computer. Windows XP lets many users to create their own accounts, with optional passwords. Each account contains all the settings that the account’s user likes, such as screen colors start menu options and other preferences.
WINDOWS TERMINOLOGY:
Windows terminology has very specific meaning. Various terms used are given below. Whenever in doubt, you should refer to the help for meaning of each term.
Choose: Executes a command.
• Select
• Point
• Pointer
• I-beam
• Mouse Buttons
Using the Mouse:
• Click
• Double click
• Right click
• Shift +click
• Ctrl + click
• Dragging
USING THE KEYBOARD:
The mouse and keyboard need to work as a team for controlling the windows operations. Some tasks can be performed more easily with the mouse and some with the keyboard.
KEYBOARD TERMINOLOGY:
The following conventions are followed throughout the book while using the keyboard. A comma(,) sign between keystrokes indicates that you release the first key before pressing the second key say for example-(Alt),(Spacebar) means press and release the(Alt) key and then press (Space bar).
A plus(+) sign between keystrokes indicates that you press and hold down the first key and then press the second key say for example-(Alt)+(Esc) means press and hold down the (Alt) key and press the (Esc) key.
Moving an Icon by dragging:
THE TASKBAR:
The taskbar can also be displayed along the side of the Bottom of the screen.
Taskbar Properties dialog box:
START MENU:
Start button:
My document
My Recent document
My Picture
My Music
My Computer
Control panel
Printers and Faxes
Help and Support
Search
Run
Log Off
Turn off Computer
Taskbar Properties dialog box with Start Menu program Tab:
My Computer Window:
MY RECENT DOCUMENTS:
It displays the Document menu that contains the list of the documents you have recently opened. To open the recently used documents, choose it from the list of this menu.
RECYCLE BIN:
Files and folders deleted from your hard drives are not actually deleted but transferred to the Recycle Bin. The Recycle Bin icon appears on the desktop and looks like a waste paper basket. When you open the icon, a Folder window opens, displaying the files and folders that have been deleted since the Recycle Bin was last emptied. In effect, the Recycle Bin works like a folder.
Recycle Bin:
OPERATING SYSTEM SIMPLE SETTING:
Most of the changes you will make take place using the Widows Control Panel, which is a special folder that contains many small programs called applets. Each applet is designed to let you adjust setting for a particular part of your system
PROPERTIES:
Every object in Windows xp the hardware components of your computer, software programs, files and icons – has properties. These properties are settings that determine how that object works. For example, a file has properties such as file name size and the date the file was last modified.
Shortcut menu to change the property of an object
CHANGING SYSTEM DATE AND TIME:
You can change your computer’s date and Time by double clicking your notification area’s clock.
1) Double-click the notification area’s clock. The Date and Time Properties dialog box.
2) To change the month, click the arrow in the month list and then click the correct month.
3) To change the year, click the arrows in the year list
4) To change the day, click the correct day on the calendar.
TO CHANGE CURRENT DATE AND TIME:
Display Properties Dialog box:
Changing Mouse Properties
Mouse properties dialog box of pointer tab
Mouse properties dialog box of pointer tap
Select windows explore
Choose the desired view from the list
Submenu indicating the new objects that can be created
Different part of the windows 7 screen
Windows 7 computer window
Windows 7 start button
Shortcut/popup menu
Thumbnail preview of window:
Element of folder or library window in windows7
Create a new folder or File:
My computer à c drive àfile menu à New à Folder à
My computer à c drive àfile menu à New à TexDocumentà
Cut Paste Files or Folder:
Folder or file Select (Right Click/Edit Menu/ctrl + x) cut ß
Copy Paste Files or Folder:
Folder or file Select (Right Click/Edit Menu/ctrl + C) copy ß
Rename Files or Folder:
Folder or file Select (Right Click/File Menu/F2 Key Press) Rename
Delete the Files or Folder:
Folder or file Select (Right Click/File Menu/Delete Key Press) Delete
Create a Shortcut:
Folder or file Select (Right Click/File Menu/) Create a shortcut
Creating New Shortcut Wizard:
Folder or file Select (Right Click/File Menu/) New Shortcut
Restore the Files or Folder:
SPECIAL INDICATORS IN MENUS:
When you open a menu, you would notice that many of the commands have additional words or symbols next to the command name.
Grayed
Ellipses
Check Mark
Triangle
A key combination
Shortcut Menus
DIALOG BOXES:
A dialog box is a special type of window that asks you a question, allows you to select options to perform a task, or provides you with information. A Dialog box will appear when you select a command with ellipsis (…) after it. Dialog boxes appear when Windows or its Application program needs more information to execute the command. The various dialog box elements are as follows;
• Dialog box tabs
• Moving between Dialog Box Elements
• Entering Information in a Dialog Box
• Text Box
• Check Box
• Option Button
• Command Button
• Drop-Down List Boxes
• Sliders
• Spinners.
START MENU IN WINDOWS 7:
Start menu appears when you click on the Start button on the Taskbar. The Start menu provides you with more customization options. It shows you who is logged on. It automatically adds the most frequently used programs to the top-level menu. It enables you to move any programs you want to be in the Start menu is divided into three basic parts. These are:
A) Program List
B) Search Box
C) Right Pane
PROGRAM LIST (Left Pane):
Left Pane of the start menu shows recently used programs and those programs that have been pinned to start menu. Program list shows up to eight recently used programs. If you want to see the complete list of program. Install in your computer.
SEARCH BOX (Lower Left Pane):
Lower left pane of the Start menu is the search box which allows computer to search files, folders, programs or computer that are connected to your computer.
RIGHT PANE:
• Current User
• Documents
• Picture
• Music
• Games
• Computer
• Control Panel
• Default Programs
• Help and Support
FEATURES OF WINDOWS:
1) Graphics user interface
2) Windows Explorer
3) Long File Name
4) Multitasking
5) Internet Supports
6) Plug & Play hardware compatibility
7) Microsoft Exchange
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE:
Windows provides a graphics user Interface by using mouse pointer. It provider start menu & taskbar. You have to just click the start button to quickly open programs. Final document & use of system tools. It is not necessary to remember the commands.
WINDOWS EXPLORER:
A windows Explorer is a powerful way to browse through manage your files. Drives network connections.
LONG FILE NAMES:
Window supports long file name (greater then chart of primary file name) to make your files to organize & find.
MULTIMEDIA & GAME SUPPORT:
You can enjoy video & Sound files. Also, it supports faster video games.
INTERNET SUPPORTS:
Using Internet explorer you can communicate people worldwide using browser, chatting, email etc.
PLUG & PLAY HARDWARE COMPATIBILITY:
You can just insert the card for plug & play hardware in your computer. When you Turn on your computer. Windows recognizes & sets up your hardware for you automatically.
MICROSOFT EXCHANGE:
Use Microsoft exchange to view and work with all types of electronic communication including mail & faxes.
DIFFERENT VERSION OF WINDOW OPERATING SYSTEM:
• Windows 3.11
• Windows 95
• Windows 97
• Windows 98
• Windows 2000
• Windows XP
• Windows Me
• Windows NT
STARTING WINDOWS:
• Switch on your computer
• You will see a message starting windows XP and in a few second the windows XP logo expiocies on your screen.
CLOSING WINDOWS
• Move the mouse pointer over start button and then process the left button. The start menu pops up.
• Move the mouse pointer over shutdown button and press left button.
• The shut down windows dialog box appears as shown below
• Move the pointer over yes and then press the left button confirm quitting windows.
PARTS OF WINDOW:
• Title Bar
• Windows Control
• Menu Bar
• Scroll Bar
• Windows Border
WINDOWS OPERATION:
• Move a Window
1) Position the mouse pointer over the title bar of the window you want to move.
2) Press the left button as you drag the mouse pointer to where you want to place the window.
3) An Outline of the window indicates the new location
4) Release the button
5) The window moves to the new location.
SIZE A WINDOW:
1) Position the mouse pointer over an edge of the window you want to size and pointer changes t double – headed arrow.
2) Press and holding down the left button, drag the mouse pointer until the outline of the window displays the size you want.
3) Release the button
4) The window changes to the new size.
ARRANGE WINDOWS:
If you have several windows open. Some of them may be hidden from view. The cascade command lets you display your keyboard open windows onion top of the other.
EXPLORER STATUS BAR:
Status bar displays useful statistics about the folders and object selected in the left and right panels by default the Explorer window displays a status bar at the bottom of its window to the following to display it –view-status bar.
MENU OPTION:
• Tool Bar
• Status Bar
• Large Icons
• Small Icons
• List
• Detail
• Arrange Icon
WINDOWS APPLICATION:
• Paint
• Notepad
• Word Pad
• Calculator
• Imaging
• Multimedia
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